![]() ![]() Well-established law of gravity by showing dissatisfaction with his invalid special relativity (1905) in which he used not the law of the absorption of photonsīut hypothetical relative velocities with respect to a randomly moving However, although nature works in only one way, asĮarly as 1907 Einstein tried to find a way for the modification of the It was clear that the frequency of light with the velocity c parallel to the gravitational force of Newton's well-established law of gravity should change from place to place under the Spinning photons having energy hν and mass m = hν/c 2 ![]() The effect of gravity on light was then explored by Soldner (1801), whoĬalculated the amount of deflection of a light ray by the sun, arriving at theĪfter the quantum theory of light, (Planck1900), and once it became accepted that light consists of Some stars would have a gravity so strong that light would not be able to escape. Idea of light having mass (see my “ Newton’s concepts”). Stars was predicted by John Michell in 1783 and Laplace in 1796, using Newton's Kaliambos ( Natural Philosopher in New Energy) That is, the Minkowskian line element must be replaced by a more general line element that takes gravity into account.By Prof. Unified field theory involves attempts to extend the General Theory of Relativity to incorporate other physical phenomena within a covariant framework in a purely geometric representation in space-time.Įinstein’s postulates for the General Theory of RelativityĮinstein realized that the Equivalence Principle relating the gravitational and inertial masses implies that the constancy of the velocity of light in vacuum cannot hold in the presence of a gravitational field. The reduction locally of the general metric tensor to the Minkowski metric corresponds to free-falling motion, that is geodesic motion, and thus encompasses gravitation. He exploited tensor calculus to extend the Lorentz covariance to the more general local covariance in the General Theory of Relativity. Einstein recognized that the principle of covariance, that is built into the Special Theory of Relativity, should apply equally to accelerated relative motion in the General Theory of Relativity. The covariant quantities are the 4-scalars, and 4-vectors in Minkowski space-time. In the Special Theory of Relativity, the Lorentz, rotational, translational and reflection transformations between inertial coordinate frames all are covariant. Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism are an example of such a covariant formulation. Tests of the strong equivalence principle have involved searches for variations in the gravitational constant \(G\) and masses of fundamental particles throughout the life of the universe.Ī physical law expressed in a covariant formulation has the same mathematical form in all coordinate systems, and is usually expressed in terms of tensor fields. Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity satisfies the strong equivalence principle. The strong equivalence principle suggests that gravity is geometrical in nature and does not involve any fifth force in nature. The strong equivalence principle combines the weak equivalence and Einstein equivalence principles, and implies that the gravitational constant is constant everywhere in the universe. Einstein’s equivalence principle has been tested by searching for variations of dimensionless fundamental constants such as the fine structure constant. This principle implies that the result of local experiments must be independent of the velocity of the apparatus. Einstein’s equivalence principle states that the outcome of any local non-gravitational experiment, in a freely falling laboratory, is independent of the velocity of the laboratory and its location in space-time. ![]()
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